K-edge imaging in x-ray computed tomography using multi-bin photon counting detectors

Abstract

After passage through matter, the energy spectrum of a polychromatic beam of x-rays contains valuable information about the elemental composition of the absorber. Conventional x-ray systems or x-ray computed tomography (CT) systems, equipped with scintillator detectors operated in the integrating mode, are largely insensitive to this type of spectral information, since the detector output is proportional to the energy fluence integrated over the whole spectrum. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate to which extent energy-sensitive photon counting devices, operated in the pulse-mode, are capable of revealing quantitative information about the elemental composition of the absorber. We focus on the detection of element-specific, K-edge discontinuities of the photo-electric cross-section. To be specific, we address the question of measuring and imaging the local density of a gadolinium-based contrast agent, in the framework of a generalized dual-energy pre-processing. Our results are very promising and seem to open up new possibilities for the imaging of the distribution of elements with a high atomic number Z in the human body using x-ray attenuation measurements. To demonstrate the usefulness of the detection and the appropriate processing of the spectral information, we present simulated images of an artherosclerotic coronary vessel filled with gadolinium-based contrast agent. While conventional systems, equipped with integrating detectors, often fail to differentiate between contrast filled lumen and artherosclerotic plaque, the use of an energy-selective detection system based on the counting of individual photons reveals a strong contrast between plaque and contrast agent.