Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method of geophysical prospecting

Abstract

Abstract From Ampere's Law (for a homogeneous earth) and from Maxwell's equations using the concept of Hertz vectors (for a multilayered earth), solutions are obtained for the horizontal components of the electric and magnetic fields at the surface due to telluric currents in the earth. The ratio of these horizontal components, together with their relative phases, is diagnostic of the structure and true resistivities of subsurface strata. The ratios of certain other pairs of electromagnetic elements are similarly diagnostic.Normally, a magneto-telluric sounding is represented by curves of the apparent resistivity and the phase difference at a given station plotted as functions of the period of the various telluric current components. Specific formulae are derived for the resistivities, depths to interfaces, etc. in both the two- and three-layer problems.For two sections which are geometrically similar and whose corresponding resistivities differ only by a linear factor, the phase relationships are the same and the apparent resistivities differ by the same proportionality constant which relates the corresponding true resistivities. This 'principle of similitude' greatly simplifies the representation of a master set of curves, such as is given for use in geologic interpretation.In addition to the usual advantages offered by the use of telluric currents (no need for current sources or long cables, greater depths of investigation, etc.), the magneto-telluric method of prospecting resolves the effects of individual beds better than do conventional resistivity methods. It seems to be an ideal tool for the initial investigation of large sedimentary basins with potential petroleum reserves.